AMERICAN EXPORT LINES. S/S INDEPENDENCE AND S/S CONSTITUTION

Constitution

(American Export Lines: 1951-62)

(American Export and Isbrandtsen Lines: 1962-74)

Constitution, the sistership to Independence, entered service on June 6th 1951, sailing on the same route from New York to Italy. In 1959, both ships received major refits, including the the move of their bridges further forward and upwards. In 1960, the Isbrandtsen Company acquired a controlling interest in American Export Lines, and in 1962 the name was changed to the unwieldy American Export and Isbrandtsen Lines. Jet aircraft, union problems, plus competition from newer Italia Line ships made the services uneconomic, and Independence was withdrawn from Atlantic service in 1967, followed by Constitution the following year.

Constitution was laid up until 1974, when she was sold to the C.Y.Tung group and renamed Oceanic Constitution. She was laid up in Hong Kong until American Hawaii Cruises were formed in 1980. This service started using Oceanic Independence, on 7th June 1980, operating a 7-day cruise out of Honolulu. The service was a success, and the Constitution joined the service in 1982, following a substantial refurbishment. In 1987, the cruise line was bought from the C.Y.Tung group by Peter C.R.Huang for $20million. Constitution was laid up in 1995 when it was considered too expensive to bring her up to SOLAS standards. She was sold for scrap in 1997, and subsequently lost in the Pacific whilst under tow to the Far East.

Independence (1951-74)

 In 1947, American Export Lines announced plans for three 30000ton liners for for their New York to Italy service. When the order was placed with Bethlehem Steel, the number had been reduced to two ships, the first of which was the Independence. Independence entered service on February 11th, 1951, sailing from New York to Gibraltar, Naples and Genoa. At the time of delivery, she was the fastest American-built liner, achieving over 26 knots. additional calls were added to the itinerary (Algeciras, Cannes etc) and the voyages were increasingly advertised as 21-day cruises during the 1960s. In 1959, both ships received major refits, including the the move of their bridges further forward and upwards.

 In 1960, the Isbrandtsen Company acquired a controlling interest in American Export Lines, and in 1962 the name was changed to the unwieldy American Export and Isbrandtsen Lines. Jet aircraft, union problems, plus competition from newer Italia Line ships made the services uneconomic, and Independence was withdrawn from Atlantic service in 1967, followed by sistership Constitution the following year. In 1968, Independence received a garish psychedelic livery, and ran cruises for travel agents called Fugazi to the West Indies and Mediterranean, but these were not a success.

Independence was laid up until 1974, when she was sold to the C.Y.Tung group and renamed Oceanic Independence. She was briefly used for cruising, but then laid up in Hong Kong as Sea Luck I from 1976. American Hawaii Cruises were formed in 1980 by C.Y.Tung, who wished to enter the American cruise scene. The service started using Sea Luck I, again renamed Oceanic Independence, on 7th June 1980, operating a 7-day cruise out of Honolulu. An American subsidiary had been created, allowing the ship to be US-flagged. The service was a success, and the sistership Constitution joined the service in 1982, following a substantial refurbishment. During the winter of 1983, Oceanic Independence also received internal refurbishment, returning to service under original name Independence. In 1987, the cruise line was bought from the C.Y.Tung group by Peter C.R.Huang for $20million. American Hawaii Cruises filed for bankruptcy in 2001 following poor trading in the wake of the September 11th terrorist attacks.

CLASSEMENT DES AFFICHES SELON LEUR CONSERVATION (en gras celui correspondant à cette affiche):

A+ Parfait état de conservation, très rare trouver un exemplaire dans cet état impeccable.

A  Une affiche dans un très bon état de conservation. Il peut présenter une déchirure inestimable et il ne présente pas manque de papier dans les marges. Les couleurs sont fraîches et des taches ne se peuvent pas apprécier.

A- Elle peut présenter une marque légère de pli, de déchirure ou un petit manque de papier dans les marges. S'il présente une restauration, elle est réalisée avec succès.

B+ L’affiche peut être restauré. Les défauts sont légèrement appréciés.

B  Une affiche dans un bon état de conservation. Il présente des déchirures, quelques taches et quelques manques de papier, en n'affectant jamais à l'aire cruciale du design. Les couleurs sont fraîches et l’affiche a une apparence générale très bonne.

B- L’affiche est restaurée, on apprécie quelques défauts et une légère perte de couleur dans les marques de pli.

C+ Les restaurations sont visibles.

C  Une affiche dans un état de conservation régulier. Il présente des déchirures, des taches, des marques de pli et même des manques du papier qu'il peut partiellement toucher à l'aire cruciale du design, les couleurs peuvent être un peu pâles et l’affiche a une apparence régulière plutôt que bonne.

C- Demande restauration.